CHAPTER II
The Solemnities, Ceremonies, Rites of their Cremation or enterrment, so solemnly delivered by Authours, we shall not disparage our Reader to repeat. Only the last and lasting part in their Urns, collected bones and Ashes, we cannot wholly omit, or decline that Subject, which occasion lately presented, in some discovered among us.
In a Field of old Walsingham, not many moneths past, were digged up between fourty and fifty Urnes, deposited in a dry and sandy soile, not a yard deep, nor farre from one another: Not all strictly of one figure, but most answering these described: Some containing two pounds of bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jawes, thigh-bones, and teeth, with fresh impressions of their combustion. Besides the extraneous substances, like peeces of small boxes, or combes handsomely wrought, handles of small brasse instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some kind of Opale.1
Near the same plot of ground, for about six yards compasse were digged up coals and incinerated substances, which begat conjecture that this was the Ustrina or place of burning their bodies, or some sacrificing place unto the Manes, which was properly below the surface of the ground, as the Aræ and Altars unto the gods and Heroes above it.
That these were the Urnes of Romanes from the common custome and place where they were found, is no obscure conjecture, not farre from a Romane Garrison, and but five Miles from Brancaster, set down by ancient Record under the name of Brannodunum. And where the adjoyning Towne, containing seven Parishes, in no very different sound, but Saxon Termination, still retains the Name of Burnham, which being an early station, it is not improbable the neighbour parts were filled with habitations, either of Romanes themselves, or Brittains Romanised, which observed the Romane customs.
Nor is it improbable that the Romanes early possessed this Countrey; for though we meet not with such strict particulars of these parts, before the new Institution of Constantine, and military charge of the Count of the Saxon shore, and that about the Saxon Invasions, the Dalmatian Horsemen were in the Garrison of Brancaster: Yet in the time of Claudius, Vespasian, and Severus, we finde no lesse then three Legions dispersed through the Province of Brittain. And as high as the Reign of Claudius a great overthrow was given unto the Iceni, by the Romane Lieutenant Ostorius. Not long after the Countrey was so molested, that in hope of a better state, Prastaagus[2] bequeathed his Kingdome unto Nero and his Daughters; and Boadicea his Queen fought the last decisive Battle with Paulinus. After which time and Conquest of Agricola the Lieutenant of Vespasian, probable it is they wholly possessed this Countrey, ordering it into Garrisons or Habitations, best suitable with their securities. And so some Romane Habitations, not improbable in these parts, as high as the time of Vespasian, where the Saxons after seated, in whose thin-fill’d Mappes we yet finde the Name of Walsingham. Now if the Iceni were but Gammadims, Anconians, or men that lived in an Angle wedge or Elbow of Brittain, according to the Originall Etymologie, this countrey will challenge the Emphaticall appellation, as most properly making the Elbow or Iken of Icenia.[3]
That Britain was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression of Cæsar.4 That the Romans themselves were early in no small Numbers, Seventy Thousand with their associats slain by Boadicea, affords a sure account. And though many Roman habitations are now unknowne[5], yet some by old works, Rampiers, Coynes, and Urnes doe testifie their Possessions. Some Urnes have been found at Castor, some also about Southcreake, and not many years past, no lesse then ten in a Field at Buxton,6 not near any recorded Garison. Nor is it strange to finde Romane Coynes of Copper and Silver among us; of Vespasian, Trajan, Adrian, Commodus, Antoninus, Severus, &c. But the greater number of Dioclesian, Constantine, Constans, Valens, with many of Victorinus Posthumius, Tetricus, and the Thirty Tyrants in the Reigne of Gallienus; and some as high as Adrianus have been found about Thetford, or Sitomagus, mentioned in the itinerary of Antoninus, as the way from Venta or Castor unto London.7 But the most frequent discovery is made at the two Casters by Norwich and Yarmouth,8 at Burghcastle and Brancaster.9
Besides, the Norman, Saxon and Danish peeces of Cuthred, Canutus, William Matilda,10 and others, som Brittish Coynes of gold have been dispersedly found; And no small number of silver peeces near Norwich;11 with a rude head upon the obverse, and an ill formed horse on the reverse, with Inscriptions Ic. Duro. T. whether implying Iceni, Dutotriges, Tascia, or Trinobantes, we leave to higher conjecture. Vulgar Chronology will have Norwich Castle as old as Julius Cæsar; but his distance from these parts, and its Gothick form of structure, abridgeth such Antiquity. The British Coyns afford conjecture of early habitation in these parts, though the City of Norwich arose from the ruines of Venta, and though perhaps not without some habitation before, was enlarged, builded, and nominated by the Saxons. In what bulk or populosity it stood in the old East-angle Monarchy, tradition and history are silent. Considerable it was in the Danish Eruptions, when Sueno burnt Thetford and Norwich,12 and Ulfketel the Governour thereof, was able to make some resistance, and after endeavoured to burn the Danish Navy.
How the Romanes left so many Coynes in Countreys of their Conquests, seems of hard resolution, except we consider how they buried them under ground, when upon barbarous invasions they were fain to desert their habitations in most part of their Empire, and the strictnesse of their laws forbidding to transfer them to any other uses; Wherein the Spartans13 were singular, who to make their Copper money uselesse, contempered it with vinegar. That the Brittains left any, some wonder; since their money was iron, and Iron rings before Cæsar; and those of after stamp by permission, and but small in bulk and bignesse; that so few of the Saxons remain, because overcome by succeeding Conquerors upon the place, their Coynes by degrees passed into other stamps, and the marks of after ages.
Then the time of these Urnes deposited, or precise Antiquity of these Reliques, nothing of more uncertainty. For since the Lieutenant of Claudius seems to have made the first progresse into these parts, since Boadicea was overthrown by the Forces of Nero, and Agricola put a full end to these Conquests; it is not probable the Countrey was fully garrison’d or planted before; and therefore however these Urnes might be of later date, not likely of higher Antiquity.
And the succeeding Emperours desisted not from their Conquests in these and other parts; as testified by history and medall inscription yet extant. The Province of Brittain in so divided a distance from Rome, beholding the faces of[14] many Imperiall persons, and in large account no fewer then Cæsar, Claudius, Britannicus, Vespasian, Titus, Adrian, Severus, Commodus, Geta, and Caracalla.
A great obscurity herein, because no medall or Emperours Coyne enclosed, which might denote the date of their enterrments. Observable in many Urnes, and found in those of Spittle Fields by London,15 which contained the Coynes of Claudius, Vespasian, Commodus, Antoninus, attended with Lacrymatories, Lamps, Bottles of Liquor, and other appurtenances of affectionate superstition, which in these rurall interrements were wanting.
Some uncertainty there is from the period or term of burning, or the cessation of that practice. Macrobius affirmeth it was disused in his dayes. But most agree, though without authentick record, that it ceased with the Antonini. Most safely to be understood after the Reigne of those Emperours, which assumed the name of Antoninus, extending unto Heliogabalus. Not strictly after Marcus; For about fifty years later we finde the magnificent burning, and consecration of Severus;[16] and if we so fix this period or cessation, these Urnes will challenge above thirteen hundred years.
But whether this practise was onely then left by Emperours and great persons, or generally about Rome, and not in other Provinces, we hold no authentick account. For after Tertullian, in the dayes of Minucius it was obviously objected upon Christians, that they condemned the practice of burning.17 And we finde a passage in Sidonius,18 which asserteth that practise in France unto a lower account. And perhaps not fully disused till Christianity fully established, which gave the finall extinction of these sepulchrall Bonefires.
Whether they were the bones of men or women or children, no authentick decision from ancient custome in distinct places of buriall. Although not improbably conjectured, that the double Sepulture or burying place of Abraham,[19] had in it such intension. But from exility of bones, thinnesse of skulls, smallnesse of teeth, ribbes, and thigh-bones; not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them: In most were found substances resembling Combes, Plates like Boxes, fastened with Iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or Bridges of Musicall Instruments, long brasse plates overwrought like the handles of neat implements, brazen nippers to pull away hair, and in one a kinde of Opale yet maintaining a blewish colour.
Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them, things wherein they excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the other world, is testified by all Antiquity. Observable from the Gemme or Berill Ring upon the finger of Cynthia, the Mistresse of Propertius, when after her Funerall Pyre her Ghost appeared unto him.20 And notably illustrated from the Contents of that Romane Urne preserved by Cardinall Farnese,21 wherein besides great number of Gemmes with heads of Gods and Goddesses, were found an Ape of Agath, a Grashopper, an Elephant of Ambre, a Crystall Ball, three glasses, two Spoones, and six Nuts of Crystall. And beyond the content of Urnes, in the Monument of Childerick the first,22 and fourth King from Pharamond, casually discovered three years past at Tournay, restoring unto the world much gold richly adorning his Sword, two hundred Rubies, many hundred Imperial Coyns, three hundred golden Bees, the bones and horseshoe of his horse enterred with him, according to the barbarous magnificence of those days in their sepulchral Obsequies. Although if we steer by the conjecture of many and Septuagint expression; some trace thereof may be found even with the ancient Hebrews, not only from the Sepulcrall treasure of David, but the circumcision knives which Joshua also buried.
Some men considering the contents of these Urnes, lasting peeces and toyes included in them, and the custome of burning with many other Nations, might somewhat doubt whether all Urnes found among us, were properly Romane Reliques, or some not belonging unto our British, Saxon, or Danish Forefathers.
In the form of Buriall among the ancient Brittains, the large Discourses of Cæsar, Tacitus, and Strabo are silent: For the discovery whereof, with other particulars, we much deplore the loss of that Letter which Cicero expected or received from his Brother Quintus, as a resolution of Brittish customes; or the account which might have been made by Scribonius Largus the Physician, accompanying the Emperour Claudius, who might have also discovered that frugall Bit23 of the Old Brittains, which in the bignesse of a Bean could satisfy their thirst and hunger.
But that the Druids and ruling Priests used to burn and bury, is expressed by Pomponius; That Bellinus the Brother of Brennus, and King of Brittains was burnt, is acknowledged by Polydorus, as also by Amandus Zierexensis in Historia, and Pineda in his Universa historia. Spanish. That they held that practise in Gallia, Cæsar expresly delivereth. Whether the Brittains (probably descended from them, of like Religion, Language and Manners) did not sometimes make use of burning; or whether at least such as were after civilized unto the Romane life and manners, conformed not unto this practise, we have no historicall assertion or deniall. But since from the account of Tacitus the Romanes early wrought so much civility upon the Brittish stock, that they brought them to build Temples, to wear the Gowne, and study the Romane Laws and language, that they conformed also unto their religious rites and customes in burials, seems no improbable conjecture.
That burning the dead was used in Sarmatia, is affirmed by Gaguinus,[24] that the Sueons and Gothlanders used to burne their Princes and great persons, is delivered by Saxo and Olaus; that this was the olde Germane practise, is also asserted by Tacitus. And though we are bare in historicall particulars of such obsequies in this Island, or that the Saxons, Jutes, and Angles burnt their dead, yet came they from parts where ’twas of ancient practise; the Germanes using it, from whom they were descended. And even in Jutland and Sleswick in Anglia Cymbrica, Urnes with bones were found not many years before us.
But the Danish and Northern Nations have raised an Æra or point of compute from their Custome of burning their dead:25 Some deriving it from Unguinus, some from Frotho the great; who ordained by Law, that Princes and Chief Commanders should be committed unto the fire, though the common sort had the common grave enterrment. So Starkatterus that old Heroe was burnt, and Ringo royally burnt the body of Harald the King slain by him.26
What time this custome generally expired in that Nation, we discern no assured period; whether it ceased before Christianity, or upon their Conversion, by Ausgurius the Gaul in the time of Ludovicus Pius the Sonne of Charles the great, according to good computes; or whether it might not be used by some persons, while for a hundred and eighty years Paganisme and Christianity were promiscuously embraced among them, there is no assured conclusion. About which times the Danes were busie in England, and particularly infested this Countrey: Where many Castles and strong holds, were built by them, or against them, and great number of names and Families still derived from them. But since this custome was probably disused before their Invasion or Conquest, and the Romanes confessedly practised the same, since their possession of this Island, the most assured account will fall upon the Romanes, or Brittains Romanized.
However certain it is, that Urnes conceived of no Romane Originall, are often digged up both in Norway, and Denmark, handsomely described, and graphically represented by the Learned Physician Wormius,27 And in some parts of Denmark in no ordinary number, as stands delivered by Authours exactly describing those Countreys.28 And they contained not only bones, but many other substances in them, as Knives, peeces of Iron, Brasse and Wood, and one of Norwaye a brasse guilded Jewes-harp.
Nor were they confused or carelesse in disposing the noblest sort, while they placed large stones in circle about the Urnes, or bodies which they interred: Somewhat answerable unto the Monument of Rollrich stones in England,29 or sepulcrall Monument probably erected by Rollo, who after conquered Normandy. Where ’tis not improbable somewhat might be discovered. Mean while to what Nation or person belonged that large Urne found at Ashburie,30 containing mighty bones, and a Buckler; What those large Urnes found at little Massingham,31 or why the Angelsea Urnes are placed with their mouths downward, remains yet undiscovered.
NOTES
1. In one sent me by my worthy friend Dr Thomas Witherley of Walsingham.
2. [sc. Prasutagus]
3. [The origin of the name Icen/Ecen is unclear. Why “Elbow”? Compare Camden, as englished by Philemon Holland:
The region … which afterwards was called East-England … was inhabited in times past by the Iceni, called elsewhere amisse Tigeni: and in Ptolomee more corruptly Simeni: whom also I have thought heeretofore to have been in Cæsar by a confused name, termed Cenimagni: and so to thinke induced I was, partly by that most neere affinity betweene these names Iceni, and Cenimagni, and in part by the consent of Cæsar and Tacitus together. For Cæsar writeth that the Cenimagni yeelded themselves unto the Romans: which Tacitus recordeth that the Iceni likewise did, in these words: “They willingly joyned in amity with us.” But (that which maketh most to the cleering of this poynt) in a Manuscript old booke for Cenimagni, we finde written with the word divided in twaine, Ceni Agni. For which if I might not be thought some what too bould a Criticke, I owuld reade instead thereof Iceni, Regni. Neither verily can you finde the Cenimagni elsewhere in all Britain, if they be a diverse people from the Iceni and Regni. But of this name Iceni, there remains in this tract very many footings, if I may so tearme them, as Ikensworth, Ikenthorpe, Ikbortow, Iken, Iksning, Ichlingham, Eike, &c. Yea and that high street-way, which went from hence, the Historians of the former age every where doe name Ichenild-Street, as one would say, the Icenes street.
What should be the reason of this name (so love me Truth) I dare not guess, unlesse one would fetch it from the Wedge-like forme of the country, and say it lieth Wedgwise upon the Sea. For the Britans in their language call a Wedge Iken, and for the same cause a place in Wales, by the Lake or Meere Lhintegid, is of that forme named Lhan-yken, as Welsh-Britans enformed me: and in the very same sense a little country in Spaine (as Strabo writeth) is cleped Sphen, that is, The Wedge, and yet the same seemeth not to resemble a wedge so neere, as this of ours doth.
A note in Wilkin adds “But, unfortunately, iken does not signify an elbow: and it appears that the Iceni derived their name from the river Ouse, on whose banks they resided, — anciently called Iken, Yken, or Ycin. Whence also, Ikenild-street, Ikenthorpe, Ikenworth.” Unfortunately Wilkin gives no source for this information. The note also begs the question, as we are still left asking why the river is the Iken (though the origins of river names are notoriously difficult, they are still often traceable with work).]
4. Hominum infinita multitudo est, creberrimaque ædificia ferè Gallicis consimilia. Caes. de bello Gal. 1.5. [Sc. V.12.3.]
5. [1658: knowne]
6. In the ground of my worthy Friend Rob. Jegon Esq. wherein some things contained were preserved by the most worthy Sir William Paston Bt.
7. From Castor to Thetford the Romanes accounted thirty two miles, and from thence observed not our common road to London, but passed by Combretonium ad Ansam, Canonium, Cæsaromagus, &c. by Bretenham, Coggeshall, Chelmeford, Burntwood, &c.
8. Most at Caster by Yarmouth, found in a place called East-bloudy-burgh furlong, belonging to Mr Thomas Wood, a person of civillity, industry and knowledge in this way, who hath made observation of remarkable things about him, and from whom we have received divers Silver and Copper Coynes.
9. Belonging to that Noble Gentleman, and true example of worth Sir Ralph Hare Baronet, my honoured Friend.
10. A peece of Maud the Empress said to be found in Buckenham Castle with this Inscription, Elle n’a elle.
11. At Thorpe.
12. Brampton Abbas Journallensis.
13. Plut. in vit. Lycurg. [IX]
14. [The word “of” occurs as the catchword at the end of page 20, but is not repeated at the top of page 21.]
15. Stowes Survey of London. [Vol. I, page 168.]
17. Execrantur rogos, et damnant ignium sepulturam. Min. in Oct. [“They denounce funeral pyres, and condemn cremation.” Minucius Felix, Octavius, XI, 4.]
18. Sidon. Apollinaris [Letters, III, 4].
19. [Genesis xxiii, 4]
20. [“et solitum digito beryllon adederat ignis”, Propertius Elegies 4.7.9.]
21. Vigeneri Annot. in 4. Liv.
22. Chifflet in Anast. Childer. [See A note on Childeric's Bees.]
23. Dionis excerpta per Xiphilin. in Severo. [Dio LXXVII.12.4. Wilkin points us to Musæum Clausum numbers 2 and 3, where Browne again mentions the lost or imagined works of Cicero and Scribonius Largus.]
24. [Sc. Guagninus. Alexander Gwagnin, 1538-1614, Polish traveller and author of works about Poland and Russia, in his Rerum Polonicarum, 1584.]
25. Roisold, Brendetiide, Ild tyde. [Olaus Wormius distinguishes three epochs of Danish burials: 1. Roisold (Ild tyde, Brendetiid), the age when bodies were burnt; 2. Hoigold, when not burnt but buried entire, along with ornaments, in a barrow or tumulus above ground; 3. “Christendomsold”, when bodies were interred whole and with no barrow.
26. Ringo and Harald: Saxo Grammaticus Danish History, Book 8:
When Ring heard that Harald was dead, he gave the signal to his men to break up their line and cease fighting. Then under cover of truce he made treaty with the enemy, telling them that it was vain to prolong the fray without their captain. Next he told the Swedes to look everywhere among the confused piles of carcases for the body of Harald, that the corpse of the king might not wrongfully lack its due rights. So the populace set eagerly to the task of turning over the bodies of the slain, and over this work half the day was spent. At last the body was found with the club, and he thought that propitiation should be made to the shade of Harald. So he harnessed the horse on which he rode to the chariot of the king, decked it honourably with a golden saddle, and hallowed it in his honour. Then he proclaimed his vows, and added his prayer that Harald would ride on this and outstrip those who shared his death in their journey to Tartarus; and that he would pray Pluto, the lord of Orcus, to grant a calm abode there for friend and foe. Then he raised a pyre, and bade the Danes fling on the gilded chariot of their king as fuel to the fire. And while the flames were burning the body cast upon them, he went round the mourning nobles and earnestly charged them that they should freely give arms, gold, and every precious thing to feed the pyre in honour of so great a king, who had deserved so nobly of them all. He also ordered that the ashes of his body, when it was quite burnt, should be transferred to an urn, taken to Leire, and there, together with the horse and armour, receive a royal funeral.
Starkad or Starchaterus, according to Saxo and Olaus Magnus, was buried in the field or Reling or Roling (at the end of singularly unedifying career as “hero”) Johannes Magnus gives no detail on the fate of Starchaterus’ body.]
27. Olai Wormii monumenta & Antiquitat. Dan.
28. Adolphus Cyprius in Annal. Sleswic. urnis adeo abundabat collis; &c.
29. In Oxfordshire; Cambden. [Page 274:
Isis having received Windrush passeth downe to Einsham in the Saxon tongue Eiȝnesham, a Manour in times past of the Kings, seated among most pleasant medowes, which Cuthwulfe the Saxon was the first that tooke from the Britans whom he had hereabout vanquished, and long after Æthelmar a Nobleman beautified it with an Abbay: the which, Æthelred King of England in the yeere of Salvation 1005. confirmed to the Benedictine Monkes, and in his confirmation signed the priviledge of the liberty thereof, (I speake out of the very originall grant as it was written) with the signe of the sacred Crosse: but now is turned into a private dwelling house and acknowledgeth the Earle of Derby Lord thereof. Beneath this, Evenlode a little river arising likewise out of Cotteswald speedeth him into Isis; which riveret in the very border of the Shire passeth by the ancient Monument standing not farre from his banke, to wit, certaine huge stones placed in a round circle (the common people usually call them Rolle rich stones, and dreameth that they were sometimes men, by a wonderfull Metamorphosis turned into hard stones. The draught of them, such as it is, portrayed long since, heere I represent unto your view. For, without all forme and shape they bee, unequall, and by long continuance of time much impaired. The highest of them all, which without the circle looketh into the earth, they used to call The King, because hee should have beene King of English (forsooth) if hee had once seene Long Compton, a little Towne so called lying beneath, and which a man, if he goe some few paces forward, may see: other five standing at the other side, touching as it were, one another, they imagine to have been knightsmounted on horse backe; and the rest the Army. But loe the foresaid Portraiture.
These would I verily thinke to have beene the Monument of some Victory and hapy, erected by Rollo the Dane, who afterwards conquered Normandie. For, what time as he with his Danes and Normans troubled England with depredations, we read that the Dane joined battaile with the English thereby, at Hoche Norton, and afterwards fought a second time at Scier stane in Huiccia, which also I would deeme to be that Mere-stone standing hard by for a land Marke, and parting foure shires: For, so much doth that Saxon word Scier-stane most plainly import.]
30. In Cheshire, Twinus de rebus Albionicis.
31. In Norfolk, Holingshead.
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